Unix Power Tools
Copying Directory Trees with cp -r

Some versions of cp have a -r (recursive) flag. It copies all the files in a directory tree -- that is, all the files in a directory and its subdirectories.

The first argument(s) to cp -r can be directory(s) - or, if you name any file(s), they'll be copied just the way they would without the -r. The last argument should be a directory. So, you can use cp -r in two ways:

• Give cp -r directory(s) to copy. They'll be created as subdirectories of the directory named at the end.

• Give cp -r file(s) to copy. They'll be copied to the directory named at the end.

Those two methods are really doing the same thing. They're both copying the tail of the first pathname(s) to the end of the last pathname.

• Here's how to do the copy shown in the figure below. This copies the directory /home/jane, with all its files and subdirectories, and creates a subdirectory named jane in the current directory (.) :

  
  % cd /work/bkup
  
  % cp -r /home/jane .
  
  

• How can you copy the contents of the subdirectory called data and all its files (but not the subdirectory itself) into a duplicate directory named data.bak? First create the destination directory. That's because the last argument to cp -r must be a directory that already exists:

  
  % cd /home/jane
  
  % mkdir data.bak
  
  % cp -r data/* data.bak
  
  

  That doesn't copy any files in data whose names start with a dot (.).

Figure: Copying /home/jane to Current Directory (/work/bkup) with cp



• To copy the subdirectories Sep and Oct and their files, as well as the file Output, from the directory /home/jim/calendar into the current directory (.):

  % cp -r /home/jim/calendar/[SO]* .

  If you use the C shell or bash, you can copy just the directories by using the handy curly brace operators:

  
  % cp -r /home/jim/calendar/{Sep,Oct} .
  
  

Some gotchas:

• Symbolic and hard links are copied as files. That can be good because, at the destination, a symbolic link might point to the wrong place. It can be bad if the link pointed to a really big file; the copy can take a lot of disk space. (In the figure above, notice that the symbolic link in jane's home directory was converted to a file named .setup with a copy of the contents of generic.)

• On many UNIXes, the copy will be dated at the time you made the copy and may have its permissions set by your umask. If you want the copy to have the original modification time and permissions, add the -p option.

• cp -r will go into an endless loop if you name a directory in the list to copy from and also as the destination directory. For example, let's say you're copying everything from the current directory into an existing subdirectory named backup, like this:

   
  
  % cp -r * backup 
  
  

  Unless your cp -r works differently from the ones I've tried, it will create backup/backup, and backup/backup/backup, and so on. To avoid that, replace the * wildcard with other less-"wild" wildcards. You can also match everything except the destination directory name by using the ksh ! operator, or the tcsh ^ operator.

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